A. History of Psychotherapy :
Psychotherapy originated from attempts to cure patients suffering from mental illness
Centuries ago
Orientation mystique -> efforts to ward off evil spirits inhuman manner (isolate, binding, memasung, hitting)
Philipe Pinel
Be humane approach, which is oriented affection (love oriented approach) -> set up
Anton Mesmer
Psychotherapy originated from attempts to cure patients suffering from mental illness
Centuries ago
Orientation mystique -> efforts to ward off evil spirits inhuman manner (isolate, binding, memasung, hitting)
Philipe Pinel
Be humane approach, which is oriented affection (love oriented approach) -> set up
Anton Mesmer
Using the technique of hypnosis and suggestion, hypnosis techniques are then used by Jean Martin Charcot
Paul Dubois
Formulate and emphasize the important role of technical talk (speech technique, the talking cure) is used to patients. Paul Dubois noted as "The First Psychotherapiest"
Joseph Breuer (senior of Sigmund Freud) and Sigmund Freud
Using the technique of hypnosis and speaking techniques in an effort to cure hysteria pasien2
At Breuer -> talking cure performed on patients in a state of hypnosis
On Sigmund Freud -> talking cure performed on patients in the waking state (the forerunner of the birth of psychoanalysis)
B. Definition
Psyche : mind / soul
Therapy : nursing, treat, cure
WHAT IS Psychotherapy?
Many definitions put forward by experts. Among others, namely that psychotherapy is a therapy or treatment that uses psychological methods, carried out by specially trained person, who is a professional cooperation relationship with a patient with the aim to eliminate, modify or inhibit the symptoms and suffering caused by the disease. Another definition is that psychotherapy is a means or approach uses psychological techniques to deal with incompatibilities or mental disorders.
As mentioned earlier, talking cures have been used by people since centuries ago. For example, Soranus of Ephesus, a doctor in the first century AD, using conversation or talk to patients and changing irrational ideas of depressed patients. Now, in cognitive therapy (a type of psychotherapy), therapists explore the irrational way of thinking in depressed patients and guiding them in order to then be able to cope alone.
Starting from Sigmund Freud, in the late nineteenth century, which describes a theory of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy growing until now. Techniques and methods initiated by Freud can be said to form the basis of psychotherapy, which seems, in everyday practice is still used as a base, whatever the theory adopted or become a foundation or a handle for someone who does psychotherapy.
There are several other psychotherapy sense of Wohlberg and Corsini. According to Wohlberg, psychotherapy is a treatment by psychological means of emotional problems where someone trained deliberately build a professional relationship with the patient with the purpose of:
- Removing, altering or inhibiting the symptoms
- The disrupted patterns of behavior mediation
- Increase the positive personality growth and development.
Meanwhile, according to Corsini, psychotherapy is a process of formal two-party interaction (2 people / more), aims to improve the unpleasant circumstances (distress) on any one party because of non-functioning / disability in cognitive function, affective or behavior, the therapist trying to develop or maintain metode2 change it by using the appropriate knowledge and skills, as well as professional and legal nature.
C. Characteristics of Psychotherapy
Process : Interaction of two parties, formal, professional, legal, ethical
Purpose : Changes in individual psychological condition -A positive personal / optimal (affective, cognitive, behavioral / habit)
Action, based on :
- Science (teori2), engineering, formal skills
- Assessment (data obtained through the assessment process - interviews, observations, tests, etc.)
D. The goal of therapy (Korchin) :
E. Basis of psychotherapy :
Humans are basically able and likely to be influenced / changed through psychological interventions planned
F. Types of Psychotherapy
a. Based on the objectives to be achieved, psychotherapy divided into :
1 Supportive Psychotherapy :
Purpose:
Way or approach : guidance, reassurance, emotional catharsis, hypnosis, desensitization, externalization interests, environmental manipulation, group therapy.
2 Psychotherapy Reedukatif :
Purpose:
3. Reconstructive Psychotherapy :
Purpose:
b. According to the "inside", psychotherapy consists of :
1. "superficial", namely that touches only the conditions or processes on the "surface", which does not touch things or material nirsadar yangdirepresi.
2. "deep" (deep), namely that handle or process stored in nirsadar natural or repressed material.
c. According to a technique that is mainly used, psychotherapy is divided according to the technique used changes, among others, psychotherapy ventilatif, suggestive, cathartic, expressive, operant conditioning, modeling, free association, interpretative, etc.
d. According to the theoretical concepts of motivation and behavior, psychotherapy can be distinguished: behavioral psychotherapy or behavioral (mental-emotional disorders are considered resolved when the deviation behavior has been corrected); cognitive psychotherapy (problem solved by correcting the cognitive connection automatically "wrong"; and evocative psychotherapy, analytical, dynamic (bring memories, wishes, encouragement, fear, etc., which nirsadar into consciousness). Psychotherapy many cognitive and behavioral learning theory rests on , whereas dynamic psychotherapy based on psychoanalytic concepts of Freud and post-Freud.
e. According to its setting, psychotherapy consists of individual and group psychotherapy (therapy consisting of marital / couples, family therapy, group therapy)
f. According to the manufacturer's name or pioneering methods psikoterapeutiknya theory, psychotherapy divided into Freudian psychoanalysis, Jungian analysis, transactional analysis Eric Berne, rational-emotive therapy Albert Ellis, non-directive counseling Rogers, Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, logotherapy of Viktor Frankl, etc.
g. According to a special additional techniques combined with psychotherapy, for example narkoterapi, hypnoterapi, music therapy, psychodrama, play therapy and demonstration (play therapy), religious psychotherapy and meditation exercises.
h. Which has not been mentioned in the division above, but lately widely used include: counseling, interpersonal therapy, crisis intervention.
G.Teknik psychotherapy techniques
Until now, as proposed by Atkinson, there is a psychotherapy technique used by psychiatrists or psychologists, namely :
1.Teknik therapy psychoanalysis, that in each individual there are forces opposing the causes of internal conflict is not inevitable. Conflict is not realized it had a strong influence on the development of individual personality, causing stress in life. This technique emphasizes problem-solving function of the ego as opposed to sexual and aggressive impulses of the id. This model has been developed in Psychoanalysis pioneered by Sigmund Freud.
According to Freud, there are several techniques of healing mental illness, among which the study:
- Hypnosis is widely used by French psychiatrists, by removing the patient's memories containing simptomsimptom, then psychiatrists provide new memories in the form of strong suggestions, which can restore the health of patients. Freud less interested in this technique, because the level of doubtful efficacy.
- Chatarsis, ie liberation and release of tension or anxiety by experiencing back and pour out the traumatic events in the past period, which was originally performed by pressing the emotions natural to unconsciousness. This technique is used by way of talking (talking cure). The way it works is that patients are asked to spell out in detail the symptoms that interfere with his soul, after it emerged last psychiatric symptoms soon disappear.
- Free association, which let patients tell the whole experience, whether or not containing symptom. The story does not have to put forward a coherent, orderly, logical or meaningful. The story no matter how embarrassing, but still must be told. Once symptoms are known, psychiatrists easily give therapy.
- Analysis of the dream. Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. It is a desire to know subconscious fear in the form denied. The dream is a form, fill, and the most primitive activity of a person's soul. Once the patient menceitakan dream, psychiatrists know the deepest secrets of the soul of the patient. Freud distinguishes between the manifest dream content (obviously, conscious) and latent dream content (hidden, unconscious). By revealing the contents of the manifest of a dream and then associate the content of the dream-release, expert analysis and client seeks to reveal the meaning of the unconscious.
Freud Psychoanalysis therapy techniques on further development of the technique perfected by Jung Psychodynamic therapy.
2. Mechanical behavior therapy, which uses the principle of learning to modify the behavior of individuals. These techniques include :
- Systematic desensitization is seen as a process of deconditioning or counterconditioning. The procedure is to enter a response as opposed to anxiety, such as relaxation. Individuals learn to relax in previous situations cause anxiety.
- Flooding behavioral therapy is a procedure in which the person who fears expose himself to what made him fear, real or imaginary, for a sufficiently long period of time without a chance to escape.
- Strengthening systematic (systematic reinforcement) is based on the principle of operands, accompanied by an unexpected outage response. Operant conditioning with gifts for the expected response, and did not give a gift to an unexpected response.
- Modeling (modeling) is exemplified by using learning observasionnal. This is very effective way to overcome fear and anxiety, because it provides an opportunity for clients to observe others experiencing anxiety penimbul situation without being injured. Modeling is typically accompanied by repetition denganpermainan behavior simulation (role-playing).
- Self-regulation involves monitoring and observation of the behavior of oneself, control over stimulus conditions, and developed a contrary response to changing maladaptive behavior.
3.Teknik cognitive behavioral therapy, which is a technique to modify the behavior and changing maladaptive beliefs. Therapists help individuals replace irrational interpretation of the interpretation of an event with more realistic. Or, help control emotional reactions disturbed, such as anxiety and depression by teaching them more effective way to interpret their experiences.
4.Teknik humanistic therapy, which is a technique with personality phenomenological approach that helps individuals realize the true self and solve their problems with minimal therapist intervention. Psychological disorders are thought to arise when the process of growth and self-actualization potential hindered by circumstances or by other people. Carl Rogers, who developed client-centered psychotherapy (client-centered-therapy), believes that the characteristics of the therapist is essential for progress and client self-exploration is empathy, warmth, and sincerity.
5.Teknik eclectic or integrative therapies, choosing from a variety of therapy techniques are most appropriate for a particular client, rather than follow rigid one single technique. Therapist specializing in specific problems, such as alcoholism, sexual dysfunction, and depression. Sixth, group and family therapy techniques. Group therapy is a technique that provides an opportunity for individuals to explore their attitudes and behavior in interaction with others who have similar problems. Medium marital therapy and family therapy is a specialized form of group therapy that helps married couples, or the relationship of parents and children, to learn more effective ways to relate to each other and to deal with various problems.
H. Therapy => effective if :
- The existence of a recovery in interpersonal relationships
- The existence of better coping skills
- Personal Growth
I. Stages of psychotherapy :
1. The initial interview
Expressed what will happen during the therapy progresses, aturan2, which will be done therapy and expected from the client, therapeutic contract (objectives, expectations, when, where, duration, limitations, etc.) will be known what the client's problem - rapport, the client tells the problem (there is a commitment to communicate), the therapist and client collaboration
2. The process of therapy
Assess the client experience, relationship therapist and client, the introduction - an explanation cognition feeling and experience clients
3. Understanding to action
Therapist with the client assess and discuss what they have learned during the therapy progresses client, the client will penngetahuan application later in behavior and everyday life
4. Ending therapy
Therapy can be terminated if the goal has been reached, the client does not continue any longer, or therapist does not \ can no longer help their clients (refer to other experts) Several meetings before the end of therapy the client informed à client is prepared to be more independent environment face later
Reference:
https://moethya26.wordpress.com/category/psychology/psikoterapi/apa-itu-psikoterapi/
Paul Dubois
Formulate and emphasize the important role of technical talk (speech technique, the talking cure) is used to patients. Paul Dubois noted as "The First Psychotherapiest"
Joseph Breuer (senior of Sigmund Freud) and Sigmund Freud
Using the technique of hypnosis and speaking techniques in an effort to cure hysteria pasien2
At Breuer -> talking cure performed on patients in a state of hypnosis
On Sigmund Freud -> talking cure performed on patients in the waking state (the forerunner of the birth of psychoanalysis)
B. Definition
Psyche : mind / soul
Therapy : nursing, treat, cure
WHAT IS Psychotherapy?
Many definitions put forward by experts. Among others, namely that psychotherapy is a therapy or treatment that uses psychological methods, carried out by specially trained person, who is a professional cooperation relationship with a patient with the aim to eliminate, modify or inhibit the symptoms and suffering caused by the disease. Another definition is that psychotherapy is a means or approach uses psychological techniques to deal with incompatibilities or mental disorders.
As mentioned earlier, talking cures have been used by people since centuries ago. For example, Soranus of Ephesus, a doctor in the first century AD, using conversation or talk to patients and changing irrational ideas of depressed patients. Now, in cognitive therapy (a type of psychotherapy), therapists explore the irrational way of thinking in depressed patients and guiding them in order to then be able to cope alone.
Starting from Sigmund Freud, in the late nineteenth century, which describes a theory of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy growing until now. Techniques and methods initiated by Freud can be said to form the basis of psychotherapy, which seems, in everyday practice is still used as a base, whatever the theory adopted or become a foundation or a handle for someone who does psychotherapy.
There are several other psychotherapy sense of Wohlberg and Corsini. According to Wohlberg, psychotherapy is a treatment by psychological means of emotional problems where someone trained deliberately build a professional relationship with the patient with the purpose of:
- Removing, altering or inhibiting the symptoms
- The disrupted patterns of behavior mediation
- Increase the positive personality growth and development.
Meanwhile, according to Corsini, psychotherapy is a process of formal two-party interaction (2 people / more), aims to improve the unpleasant circumstances (distress) on any one party because of non-functioning / disability in cognitive function, affective or behavior, the therapist trying to develop or maintain metode2 change it by using the appropriate knowledge and skills, as well as professional and legal nature.
C. Characteristics of Psychotherapy
Process : Interaction of two parties, formal, professional, legal, ethical
Purpose : Changes in individual psychological condition -A positive personal / optimal (affective, cognitive, behavioral / habit)
Action, based on :
- Science (teori2), engineering, formal skills
- Assessment (data obtained through the assessment process - interviews, observations, tests, etc.)
D. The goal of therapy (Korchin) :
- Strengthen client motivation to do the right thing
- Reduce emotional stress
- Develop potential clients
- Changing habits
- Modifying the structure of cognition
- Acquire knowledge about themselves
- Develop communication skills and interpersonal relationships
- Improve the ability to take decisions
- Changing the physical condition
- Changing self-awareness
- Changing social environment
E. Basis of psychotherapy :
Humans are basically able and likely to be influenced / changed through psychological interventions planned
F. Types of Psychotherapy
a. Based on the objectives to be achieved, psychotherapy divided into :
1 Supportive Psychotherapy :
Purpose:
- Supports funksi-funksi ego, or strengthen existing mechanisms defensi
- Expand control mechanism which is owned by a new and better.
- Repairs to a state of equilibrium is more adaptive.
Way or approach : guidance, reassurance, emotional catharsis, hypnosis, desensitization, externalization interests, environmental manipulation, group therapy.
2 Psychotherapy Reedukatif :
Purpose:
- Changing patterns of behavior by abolishing customs (habits) and form certain habits more favorable.
- Ways or approaches: behavioral therapy, group therapy, family therapy, psychodrama, etc.
3. Reconstructive Psychotherapy :
Purpose:
- The achievement of insight (insight) will be conflicts nirsadar, with efforts to achieve a comprehensive change in the structure of one's personality.
- Ways or approaches: classic Psychoanalysis and Neo-Freudian (Adler, Jung, Sullivan, Horney, Reich, Fromm, Kohut, etc.), Oriented psychoanalytic psychotherapy or dynamic.
b. According to the "inside", psychotherapy consists of :
1. "superficial", namely that touches only the conditions or processes on the "surface", which does not touch things or material nirsadar yangdirepresi.
2. "deep" (deep), namely that handle or process stored in nirsadar natural or repressed material.
c. According to a technique that is mainly used, psychotherapy is divided according to the technique used changes, among others, psychotherapy ventilatif, suggestive, cathartic, expressive, operant conditioning, modeling, free association, interpretative, etc.
d. According to the theoretical concepts of motivation and behavior, psychotherapy can be distinguished: behavioral psychotherapy or behavioral (mental-emotional disorders are considered resolved when the deviation behavior has been corrected); cognitive psychotherapy (problem solved by correcting the cognitive connection automatically "wrong"; and evocative psychotherapy, analytical, dynamic (bring memories, wishes, encouragement, fear, etc., which nirsadar into consciousness). Psychotherapy many cognitive and behavioral learning theory rests on , whereas dynamic psychotherapy based on psychoanalytic concepts of Freud and post-Freud.
e. According to its setting, psychotherapy consists of individual and group psychotherapy (therapy consisting of marital / couples, family therapy, group therapy)
f. According to the manufacturer's name or pioneering methods psikoterapeutiknya theory, psychotherapy divided into Freudian psychoanalysis, Jungian analysis, transactional analysis Eric Berne, rational-emotive therapy Albert Ellis, non-directive counseling Rogers, Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, logotherapy of Viktor Frankl, etc.
g. According to a special additional techniques combined with psychotherapy, for example narkoterapi, hypnoterapi, music therapy, psychodrama, play therapy and demonstration (play therapy), religious psychotherapy and meditation exercises.
h. Which has not been mentioned in the division above, but lately widely used include: counseling, interpersonal therapy, crisis intervention.
G.Teknik psychotherapy techniques
Until now, as proposed by Atkinson, there is a psychotherapy technique used by psychiatrists or psychologists, namely :
1.Teknik therapy psychoanalysis, that in each individual there are forces opposing the causes of internal conflict is not inevitable. Conflict is not realized it had a strong influence on the development of individual personality, causing stress in life. This technique emphasizes problem-solving function of the ego as opposed to sexual and aggressive impulses of the id. This model has been developed in Psychoanalysis pioneered by Sigmund Freud.
According to Freud, there are several techniques of healing mental illness, among which the study:
- Hypnosis is widely used by French psychiatrists, by removing the patient's memories containing simptomsimptom, then psychiatrists provide new memories in the form of strong suggestions, which can restore the health of patients. Freud less interested in this technique, because the level of doubtful efficacy.
- Chatarsis, ie liberation and release of tension or anxiety by experiencing back and pour out the traumatic events in the past period, which was originally performed by pressing the emotions natural to unconsciousness. This technique is used by way of talking (talking cure). The way it works is that patients are asked to spell out in detail the symptoms that interfere with his soul, after it emerged last psychiatric symptoms soon disappear.
- Free association, which let patients tell the whole experience, whether or not containing symptom. The story does not have to put forward a coherent, orderly, logical or meaningful. The story no matter how embarrassing, but still must be told. Once symptoms are known, psychiatrists easily give therapy.
- Analysis of the dream. Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. It is a desire to know subconscious fear in the form denied. The dream is a form, fill, and the most primitive activity of a person's soul. Once the patient menceitakan dream, psychiatrists know the deepest secrets of the soul of the patient. Freud distinguishes between the manifest dream content (obviously, conscious) and latent dream content (hidden, unconscious). By revealing the contents of the manifest of a dream and then associate the content of the dream-release, expert analysis and client seeks to reveal the meaning of the unconscious.
Freud Psychoanalysis therapy techniques on further development of the technique perfected by Jung Psychodynamic therapy.
2. Mechanical behavior therapy, which uses the principle of learning to modify the behavior of individuals. These techniques include :
- Systematic desensitization is seen as a process of deconditioning or counterconditioning. The procedure is to enter a response as opposed to anxiety, such as relaxation. Individuals learn to relax in previous situations cause anxiety.
- Flooding behavioral therapy is a procedure in which the person who fears expose himself to what made him fear, real or imaginary, for a sufficiently long period of time without a chance to escape.
- Strengthening systematic (systematic reinforcement) is based on the principle of operands, accompanied by an unexpected outage response. Operant conditioning with gifts for the expected response, and did not give a gift to an unexpected response.
- Modeling (modeling) is exemplified by using learning observasionnal. This is very effective way to overcome fear and anxiety, because it provides an opportunity for clients to observe others experiencing anxiety penimbul situation without being injured. Modeling is typically accompanied by repetition denganpermainan behavior simulation (role-playing).
- Self-regulation involves monitoring and observation of the behavior of oneself, control over stimulus conditions, and developed a contrary response to changing maladaptive behavior.
3.Teknik cognitive behavioral therapy, which is a technique to modify the behavior and changing maladaptive beliefs. Therapists help individuals replace irrational interpretation of the interpretation of an event with more realistic. Or, help control emotional reactions disturbed, such as anxiety and depression by teaching them more effective way to interpret their experiences.
4.Teknik humanistic therapy, which is a technique with personality phenomenological approach that helps individuals realize the true self and solve their problems with minimal therapist intervention. Psychological disorders are thought to arise when the process of growth and self-actualization potential hindered by circumstances or by other people. Carl Rogers, who developed client-centered psychotherapy (client-centered-therapy), believes that the characteristics of the therapist is essential for progress and client self-exploration is empathy, warmth, and sincerity.
5.Teknik eclectic or integrative therapies, choosing from a variety of therapy techniques are most appropriate for a particular client, rather than follow rigid one single technique. Therapist specializing in specific problems, such as alcoholism, sexual dysfunction, and depression. Sixth, group and family therapy techniques. Group therapy is a technique that provides an opportunity for individuals to explore their attitudes and behavior in interaction with others who have similar problems. Medium marital therapy and family therapy is a specialized form of group therapy that helps married couples, or the relationship of parents and children, to learn more effective ways to relate to each other and to deal with various problems.
H. Therapy => effective if :
- The existence of a recovery in interpersonal relationships
- The existence of better coping skills
- Personal Growth
I. Stages of psychotherapy :
1. The initial interview
Expressed what will happen during the therapy progresses, aturan2, which will be done therapy and expected from the client, therapeutic contract (objectives, expectations, when, where, duration, limitations, etc.) will be known what the client's problem - rapport, the client tells the problem (there is a commitment to communicate), the therapist and client collaboration
2. The process of therapy
Assess the client experience, relationship therapist and client, the introduction - an explanation cognition feeling and experience clients
3. Understanding to action
Therapist with the client assess and discuss what they have learned during the therapy progresses client, the client will penngetahuan application later in behavior and everyday life
4. Ending therapy
Therapy can be terminated if the goal has been reached, the client does not continue any longer, or therapist does not \ can no longer help their clients (refer to other experts) Several meetings before the end of therapy the client informed à client is prepared to be more independent environment face later
Reference:
https://moethya26.wordpress.com/category/psychology/psikoterapi/apa-itu-psikoterapi/
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